Error estimation is a research area that focuses on quantifying and minimizing the errors or uncertainties in numerical simulations, mathematical models, or experimental measurements. It involves developing techniques to assess the accuracy of computational results by estimating the discrepancies between the predicted values and the actual values. Error estimation is essential for ensuring the reliability and validity of scientific and engineering simulations, as well as for making informed decisions based on the results obtained from these simulations. Researchers in this field aim to develop efficient and accurate methods for estimating errors and improving the overall quality of computational models and simulations.